While tech giants and trillion-dollar valuations dominate financial headlines, an entirely different group of companies continues to build, innovate and hustle for market share: small-cap public companies. Typically defined as businesses with market capitalizations under $2 billion, small-caps make up the backbone of American entrepreneurship on the public stage.

And yet, they often remain overlooked by institutional investors, underfollowed by analysts and overburdened by regulation. Their journey is one of high potential but also high pressure.

The Upside Of Being Small (And Public)

Agility Is Their Superpower

Large corporations may have scale, but small-caps have speed. Without layers of bureaucracy, they can pivot faster in response to market signals. In a landscape increasingly defined by disruption, agility can be a competitive edge.

Room To Run

Small-caps often trade at valuations that leave room for substantial upside. A successful product launch, strategic acquisition or entry into a new market can deliver meaningful growth—something harder to achieve in mature, large-cap firms.

Acquisition Appeal

Many small-caps don’t go public with dreams of becoming the next Apple—they go public to build credibility, attract capital and ultimately be acquired. For investors, that often means a built-in exit strategy with potential upside.

Executive Accountability

In small-cap companies, leadership is closer to the business and often more accessible to investors. There’s less institutional inertia and more incentive to perform.

The Challenges Are Real—And Growing

Regulatory Overhead

Public companies face mounting compliance costs, and for small-caps, these are felt more acutely. For example, in 2004, U.S. companies with revenues over $5 billion spent 0.06% of revenue on SOX compliance, while companies with less than $100 million in revenue spent 2.55%.

Thin Liquidity, High Volatility

With lower trading volumes and limited analyst coverage, small-cap stocks are more vulnerable to price swings. That can deter institutional capital and discourage long-term investors during market downturns.

Talent And Capital Constraints

Small-cap firms often struggle to attract top-tier talent, particularly in competitive sectors like AI or biotech. Access to capital is similarly constrained, especially in tighter interest rate environments or risk-off markets.

Policy Could Help—Or Hurt

There’s bipartisan support for revisiting regulations that disproportionately burden small public firms. Reforms could include simplified reporting for companies under a certain revenue threshold or extending the “emerging growth company” benefits of the JOBS Act. But nothing moves quickly in Washington, and without relief, some promising firms may opt to stay private indefinitely.

The Risks Can Be Justified

But if investors get it right, the returns can outperform. One way to look at this is the standard deviation of daily returns—i.e., the amount prices move away from the mean. Let’s take a look at that for two indices that are synonymous with small-cap and large-cap—the Russell 2000 and Russell 1000 indexes, respectively.

According to LSEG, since inception, the standard deviation for the Russell 1000 was 17.54% vs. 20.01% for the Russell 2000. While those numbers may seem small, they measure a large sample size, with outliers to the upside and downside. Picking the right stock in the Russell 2000 can generate substantial alpha.

While large-cap tech giants dominate headlines, small-cap public companies (again, market caps under $2 billion) play a vital yet often overlooked role in the U.S. economy. These firms offer agility, growth potential and acquisition appeal, making them attractive to investors seeking outsized returns. Their leadership is typically more accessible and accountable, and they often trade at valuations that allow for substantial upside.

However, small-caps also face significant challenges: disproportionately high regulatory compliance costs, liquidity issues, limited analyst coverage, difficulty attracting talent and restricted access to capital. Policy reforms could ease some of these burdens, but progress is slow.

Despite higher volatility, as shown by the Russell 2000’s greater standard deviation compared to the Russell 1000, smart investors can achieve meaningful returns by picking the right small-cap stocks.

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This article originally appeared as a Forbes Business Council post here.